HUMANE EXPERIMENTATION (cont)
REFINEMENT
Any procedure introduced into the protocol that reduces pain or distress is a refinement. Define an endpoint to the study, short of death, to reduce the period of time that the animal is in pain or distress. Avoid restraining animals for convenience alone and reduce the period of restraint whenever possible. In behavioral studies use positive reinforcement for correct response rather than punishment for the incorrect choice. These are refinements.
In addition, some toxicologic tests have been refined to use noninvasive imaging for earlier detection of tumors and organ deterioration.
Experimental protocols should require the use of tranquilizers if animals are distressed during prolonged restraint or during diagnostic procedures. Consider non-survival experiments for teaching and technique development laboratories.