Any procedure introduced into the protocol that reduces pain or distress is a refinement. Define an end-point to the study, short of death, to reduce the period of time that the animal is in pain or distress. Avoid restraining animals for convenience alone and reduce the period of restraint
whenever possible. In behavioral studies, use positive reinforcement for correct responses rather than punishment for the incorrect choice. These are all refinements.
In addition, some toxicologic tests have been refined to use noninvasive imaging for earlier detection of tumors and organ deterioration.
Experimental protocols should require the use of tranquilizers if animals are distressed during prolonged restraint or during diagnostic procedures. Consider non-survival experiments for teaching and technique development laboratories.
Improved animal handling and restraint is also an experimental refinement. It is more humane for a well-trained technician to restrain an animal or obtain a blood sample than it is for an inexperienced person to repeatedly try and fail. Additionally, it is essential that a sufficient number of trained people be available to capture, restrain, and treat larger or more fractious animals. Proper handling is not only more humane, it will also result in more reliable research data.
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